World of Metallurgy ERZMETALL 68 2015 No 3 147 Markus A Reuter et al Lead Zinc and their Minor Elements Enablers of a Circular Economy dams Recovery of these is important and naturally technology has a role to play which it is currently do ing At some point though it is reasonable to ask if the technology and systems should be applied in a better way A good example of the different application of techno logy to such problems is where primary concentrate feeds contain increasingly high levels of deleterious elements For example in the traditional zinc flow sheet iron and other deleterious elements result in greater amounts of residues being produced So by applying technology differently and carrying out iron separation using for example a pyrometallurgical step e g direct zinc smelting production of these typical residues can be minimised or eliminated while at the same time also concentrating various elements into phases where they can be further treated As shown in the paper better system integration its quantification and linking different systems together could improve the general resource efficiency of the circular economy system If the big picture is considered and linked to product as well as minor elements in a systematic and rigorous man ner new opportunities and associated innovation can be delivered The question arises of how does the sphere of technology providers metal producers product designers consumers and legislators need to act in order to make the necessary changes to better make use of the available metal containing streams Everyone has an important role to play the technology providers by looking at complete metals flow systems to optimise solutions and create new technologies where needed metal producers by extracting the maximum recoveries of mainstream and critical met als product designers by considering the part their designs play in EoL recovery of metals consumers by recognising that recycling is a key factor and legislators by understand ing the limits and boundaries of the metals systems and providing the platforms to allow effective and efficient recovery of metals The above begs the question Is a LED better or worse than an incandescent lamp if one considers it in system of renewable energy System analysis that includes both the WoM in the manner shown in this and other papers 4 5 and the energy infrastructure should help drive the inno vation required for realizing a circular economy In conclusion Policy must be informed to define and main tain Critical Metallurgical Infrastructure key to a circu lar economy Lead and zinc are such excellent metals to show the so important WoM and its processing infrastruc ture expressed as the IoT both of which are the mettle at the core of a true circular economy 6 References 1 ec 2008 DIRECTIVE 2008 98 EC http eur lex europa eu Lex UriServ LexUriServ do uri OJ L 2008 312 0003 0030 EN PDF 2 Worrell e reuter M a 2014 Handbook of Recycling El sevier BV Amsterdam 595p ISBN 978 0 12 396459 5 3 ec 2014 Communication from the commission to the European Parliament the Council the European Economic and Social Commit tee and the Committee of the Regions Towards a circular economy A zero waste programme for Europe COM 2014 0398 2 7 2014 4 reuter M a Van Schaik a GediGa J 2015 Simulation based design for resource efficiency of metal production and recycling sys tems Cases Copper production and recycling eWaste LED Lamps Nickel pig iron International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20 671 693 5 reuter M a Van Schaik a 2015 Product centric simulation based design for recycling of LED lamp recycling Journal of Sus tainable Metallurgy Vol 1 1 4 28 6 reuter M a koJo i V 2014 Copper A Key Enabler of Re source Efficiency World of Metallurgy ERZMETALL 67 1 46 53 7 Verhoef e diJkeMa G reuter M a 2004 Process knowledge system dynamics and metal ecology Journal of Industrial Ecology 8 1 2 23 43 8 reuter M a Van Schaik a 2008 Material and Metal Ecol ogy Encyclopaedia of Ecology Editors in Chief Sven Erik Jor gensen and Brian D Fath Elsevier B V 1st Edition Oxford ISBN 9780080454054 2247 2260 9 BieMer J dixon W BlackBurn n 2013 Our Environmental Handprint The Good We Do Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Presented at the 2013 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability 8 p 10 International Lead Association 2014 http www ila lead org lead facts statistics presentations at ILZSG 15th October 2014 meeting in Lisbon 11 International Lead and Zinc Study Group ILZSG 2014 www ilzsg org presentations at ILZSG 15th October 2014 meeting in Lisbon 12 haSSall c 2014 CHR Metals Presentation at 2014 ILZSG Meet ing Lisbon October 2014 13 USGS 2014 USGS Mineral Commodity Summary 2014 14 BloodoWorth a Gunn G 2012 The Future of the Global Minerals and Metals Sector Issues and Challenges out to 2050 Geosciences 15 8 p 15 reuter M a et al 2013 UNEP Metal Recycling Opportunities Limits Infrastructure A Report of the Working Group on the Global Metal Flows to the International Resource Panel 316 p 16 Böni h WidMer r 2011 Disposal of Flat Panel Display Moni tors in Switzerland Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St Gallen Switzerland 40 p 17 BGS 2012 British Geological Survey Risk List 12 p 18 ec 2014 Report on critical raw materials for the EU Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials DG Enterprise 41 p 19 Graedel t e et al 2011 UNEP Recycling Rates of Metals A Sta tus Report of the Working Group on the Global Metal Flows to the International Resource Panel of the United Nations Environmental Programme 20 Sudhölter S reuter M a krüGer J 1996 Eco techno eco nomic synthesis of process routes for the production of zinc us

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